Recently on Zavee Thinking we posted about how word of mouth (WOM) is simultaneously very powerful yet very fragile. It’s powerful because there is no stronger influence on a purchase decision than the recommendation of a trusted, knowledgeable individual. It’s fragile because so much can intervene to prevent that recommendation from being made and acted on. This post is about how merchants can make WOM less fragile by increasing the chances that a recommendation from the right customer will reach the right shopper at the right time. (Apologies in advance for the length of the post – this is something we think about a lot.)
The obvious place to start is at the point of sale, where the merchant has the most direct ability to influence customer satisfaction. Here we are talking primarily about intensity and latency: how strongly an emotion is felt and how long the feeling lasts. One clear way to increase the intensity and latency of customer satisfaction is to provide an over-the-top, mind-blowing, truly unforgettable experience at the point of sale (can we call it an OTTMBTUE?). That will certainly keep things top of mind! Unfortunately, the OTTMBTUE has a few drawbacks. First, not all categories and not all interactions are equally suited to blowing the customer away. Second, the typical means of providing an OTTMBTUE involves some form of payment to the customer, such as an upgrade or a free item. While merchants often have to make such a payment to an unhappy customer to right a wrong, applying that strategy in the hope of making a happy customer ecstatic can get very expensive – especially when the customer determines that she should be treated that way at every visit.
On the other hand, it is possible for creative merchants to create extremely high levels of customer satisfaction without giving away too much margin. One of my favorite examples is Tesco, the UK grocery chain. Stuck between a premium chain and a discounter, Tesco repositioned itself as a service-oriented brand. From 1995-2004 the company produced a campaign starring Prunella Scales and Jane Horrocks that used the tagline “Every Little Helps” (we would say, “Every Little Bit Helps”) to demonstrate Tesco’s commitment to the customer. If you’ve never seen this spot you’re missing a treat.
Another way to increase the latency, and perhaps the intensity, of customer satisfaction is to communicate with the satisfied customer early and often. Car dealers and some hotels, among others, get this half right: they email surveys to customers almost immediately but rarely follow up. If a customer gets a phone call after submitting a survey, it is more likely that the customer had reported a good experience or a bad one? Of course it’s important that merchants address issues raised by customers – but surveys may not be the best way to keep a delighted customer both happy and talkative. If a merchant can identify a very satisfied customer at the point of sale, a phone call several days later – just to chat, not to sell – can reinforce the feeling of satisfaction that the customer took away from the store. (Having conversations on social media is also a good idea.) The customer feels special because in fact she is being treated special. The merchant can’t treat everyone this way, and it may require an investment to learn which customers should be treated this way, but reinforcing customer satisfaction can increase the length of time the positive emotions remain top of mind and may even add to them.
Latency and intensity are both about time: the longer the customer’s intention to recommend the merchant remains top of mind the greater the likelihood that the customer will encounter someone who will act on the recommendation. Another factor is confidence. In order to act on a recommendation, the potential customer must have confidence in the recommending customer both generally and within the specific domain. If a customer is not someone who inspires confidence generally there is not much the merchant can do about it, but the merchant should know better than to treat that customer as a source of potential WOM.

via iproclaim.com
However, the merchant can help a customer become more knowledgeable about the merchant’s domain and thereby increase the likelihood that a customer’s recommendations will be taken seriously and acted upon. Domains where the inherent level of difficulty is high are natural categories for this, and, indeed, internet legend Gary Vaynerchuck (almost 850,000 followers on Twitter) got his viral start posting how-to videos about wine on YouTube. Imagine a customer who leaves Gary’s store not just having received solicitous attention and paid a fair price for good wine but who has received an education, too. That customer not only is more credible as a recommender in the wine domain but probably has wine (and Gary’s store) top of mind for a longer period of time than otherwise.
The final point at which WOM is fragile also involves time: the person who receives the recommendation must be at or near the point of intention if he is going to act on it. Even if everything else lines up – a delighted customer leaves the store and immediately meets a friend who trusts her judgment generally and her knowledge of the domain specifically – the recommendation will not be acted upon if the friend has no intention of making an imminent purchase in that domain. Is there anything the merchant can do in this situation? It depends. If the friend has no interest in the merchant’s domain there is really no point to the recommendation. If this is not the case, however, the merchant can try to capture the friend’s contact information and leverage the recommendation as a reason to communicate with the friend (if the friend opts in). If the friend is disposed to trust the customer’s recommendation the merchant may be able to convert the friend to a customer the next time the friend is near the point of intention based on the prior, unsuccessful recommendation. Finally, by continually communicating with the satisfied customer, and indeed by repeatedly providing a positive experience, the merchant increases the likelihood that the customer will again encounter the friend (or perhaps a different one) closer to the point of intention.